What are the four major life cycle stages identified by Turnbull et al. (2015) that families may encounter when raising a child with a disability?

The four major life cycle stages identified by Turnbull et al. (2015) are Early Childhood (Birth–Age 5), School Age (Ages 5–12), Adolescence (Ages 12–21), and Adulthood (Ages 21+).

The life cycle stages identified by Turnbull et al. (2015) for families raising a child with a disability are: 1. **Early Childhood (Birth–Age 5):** This stage involves obtaining an accurate diagnosis, informing siblings and relatives, and locating services. Families may also seek to find meaning in the exceptionality and address issues of stigma. 2. **School Age (Ages 5–12):** Families establish routines for family functions, adjust to educational implications, and participate in individualized education program (IEP) conferences. They may also need to clarify issues of mainstreaming versus special class placement. 3. **Adolescence (Ages 12–21):** This stage includes adjusting to the chronicity of the exceptionality, addressing issues of emerging sexuality, and planning for career or vocational development. 4. **Adulthood (Ages 21+):** Families plan for possible guardianship, address adult dependency implications, and initiate career or vocational programs for the individual with exceptionality.