What are the structural etiologies of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) as described in the chapter?

The structural etiologies of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) are polyps, adenomyosis, leiomyomas, and malignancy/hyperplasia.

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) can be caused by structural abnormalities within the uterus, categorized under the acronym PALM. These structural etiologies include polyps, which are benign outgrowths of the endometrium that can cause intermenstrual bleeding; adenomyosis, where the endometrium invades the myometrium leading to heavy bleeding and dysmenorrhea; leiomyomas, also known as fibroids, which are benign tumors that can cause pelvic pain and heavy menstrual bleeding; and malignancy or hyperplasia, which often involves endometrial carcinoma and is a concern especially in postmenopausal patients.